Obtaining U.S. citizenship remains a primary goal for many immigrants, offering expanded rights and protections. If you're considering applying for naturalization, becoming an American citizen grants you voting privileges, freedom to travel internationally, and the ability to sponsor family members for immigration.

While individuals born in the United States automatically receive citizenship, those born abroad must complete the naturalization process to become citizens.

Basic Eligibility Requirements

To qualify for U.S. citizenship through naturalization, applicants must first meet these requirements as lawful permanent residents (LPRs):

• Age Requirement: Applicants must be at least 18 years old when filing.
• Permanent Resident Status: You must hold lawful permanent resident status (green card holder) for at least 5 years before applying (3 years if married to a U.S. citizen).
• Continuous Residence: Maintain continuous physical presence in the U.S. for the required period. Absences exceeding 6 months may disrupt continuity—file Form I-131 for travel documents before international trips.
• State Residency: Live in the state where you're applying for at least 3 months prior to filing. Provide documentation like driver's licenses, lease agreements, or utility bills.
• Good Moral Character: Demonstrate good moral character during the statutory period. Certain criminal offenses may disqualify applicants—consult an immigration attorney if you have any concerns.
• Military Registration: Male applicants aged 18-26 must register with the Selective Service System.

The Naturalization Process

The citizenship application involves several key steps:

• Complete and submit Form N-400, Application for Naturalization
• Attend a biometrics appointment for fingerprinting and background checks
• Pass an English language test (reading, writing, and speaking) unless eligible for an exemption
• Demonstrate knowledge of U.S. history and government through a civics test
• Provide proof of COVID-19 vaccination (if applicable)
• Participate in a naturalization interview with USCIS officials
• Take the Oath of Allegiance at a formal ceremony

Certain applicants may qualify for exemptions or accommodations based on age, length of U.S. residence, or medical conditions. Given the complexity of the process and non-refundable filing fees, consulting with an immigration professional can help determine eligibility and avoid costly mistakes.

Numerous organizations and legal service providers offer low-cost or pro bono assistance to help applicants navigate the naturalization process successfully.